Readers Write: Tackling Diabetes Distress in Dual Eligibles Requires Integrated Care Management

Tackling Diabetes Distress in Dual Eligibles Requires Integrated Care Management
By Barbara Greising

Barbara Greising, MBA is chief commercial officer at Podimetrics.

Diabetes is a demanding condition. Slipping up even a little can quickly lead to devastating outcomes, and there’s never, ever a day off. 

The constant stress can lead to feelings of discouragement, isolation, frustration, and exhaustion, especially when the consequences of suboptimal self-management can be so severe. For example, every 3.5 minutes, someone in the US loses a limb due to complications of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and up to 50%of those individuals may face death as a result within just two years.

For people living with diabetes and behavioral health challenges, such as a large number of the socioeconomically complex dual-eligible Medicare/Medicaid (DE) population, the outcomes could potentially be even more catastrophic, with mortality risks up tofour times higherthan people with either condition alone.

Up to 45% of mental health conditions and cases of severe psychological distress go undetected among people being treated for diabetes. And with nearly a third of DEs experiencing a serious mental health disorder of some kind, including major depression, that’s a potentially huge number of high-needs people who are not getting appropriate care.

Without proactive, personalized mental health support for these individuals, “diabetes distress” can take root, leaving up to half of people with diabetes feeling overwhelmed, defeated, disengaged, and less equipped to manage their everyday needs at some point in their health journey.

It is crucial to understand the root causes of diabetes distress, particularly in high-risk, highly complex DE populations, and develop proactive, personalized strategies rooted in integrated case management techniques that merge effective mental healthcare resources and socioeconomic support with more traditional approaches.

The first step for assisting people with diabetes is knowing if they need help. Standardized questionnaires like thePHQ-9 can be helpful, but these tools are not usually designed to uncover diabetes-specific concerns, nor are they always used at the most effective points in the diabetes management process.

Providers and health plans may consider augmenting data collection efforts with more targeted measurement tools for diabetes distress, such as the American Diabetes Association’s Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) Scale. This check sheet asks detailed questions, such as if the person feels scared, angry, or discouraged when thinking about living with diabetes, what their support system looks like, and how much energy diabetes care takes from them each day.

Providers should also look at patient barriers from every angle to reveal hidden challenges. For example, when one patient stopped engaging in daily self-monitoring for diabetic foot ulcers, it wasn’t because she didn’t understand the importance. It was because she couldn’t get to her doctor’s office to get a refill of her blood pressure medication. The frustrating situation and negative health effects from being off her meds meant she wasn’t feeling able to take care of herself fully.

When the patient received help to get connected with plan-based home care benefits to see a primary care provider for a refill, she reengaged with her foot care immediately, and at the same time, avoided an ED visit for potential hypertension complications.

Regularly fielding holistic questions about self-care competencies in the routine primary care environment is important, but plans and providers should also consider refreshing their data at other key points, such as during specialty visits for associated complications and before discharge from a hospital due to a diabetes-related event. This can ensure that individuals get the help they need when they need it, before diabetes distress becomes overwhelming.

Case managers can assist with this process by spearheading the development of compassionate, informed patient-provider and/or member-health plan relationships. These care team “quarterbacks” can help connect individuals with social workers, psychologists, psychiatrists, substance abuse counselors, and other behavioral health professionals to augment clinical care. 

Case managers, especially those with nursing backgrounds, often have the training, intuition, and experience to identify people who may be struggling with a variety of non-clinical concerns and can successfully pair these insights with their clinical knowledge of diabetes management to support and guide people with diabetes to better glycemic control and improved overall mental health and well-being.

To be effective, however, case managers must be equipped with the tools and resources to perform this work appropriately. For example, health plans and provider networks will need to ensure that high-quality mental health resources, such as patient support programs, social workers, and counseling options, are consistently available for referral in a timely and affordable manner. 

Case managers also need digital infrastructure to make referrals to socioeconomic support organizations, monitor the use of personal medical devices like continuous glucose monitors, and interact with individuals according to their preferred communication channels.

Diabetes distress is not a condition that can be wholly cured by a single pill or one-and-done injection. Instead, it requires ongoing attention and flexible degrees of management to establish and maintain emotional and mental equilibrium in the face of prolonged stress.

That means Medicare and Medicaid health plans, providers, case managers, patients, and unpaid caregivers must collaborate closely at all times to build a scaffolding of support around every individual.

Care team leaders should ensure that people with diabetes understand how, when, and why to use their medications and personal devices, especially when adding new technologies to the mix. Regular follow-ups around socioeconomic concerns and mental health status will be essential to success, including periodic refreshes of questionnaires and other patient-provided data. Health plans, health networks, and other industry stakeholders will need to remain dedicated to expanding access to mental and behavioral healthcare resources, especially in communities with a higher prevalence of diabetes.

By collecting the right information and getting people connected to the most appropriate resources for their needs, case managers can reduce the impact of diabetes distress on dual-eligible individuals and create the conditions for success for the tens of millions of people living with diabetes.