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	<title>Comments on: HIStalk Interviews Paul Meyer</title>
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		<title>By: Uh...wait a moment</title>
		<link>http://histalk2.com/2009/11/11/histalk-interviews-paul-meyer/comment-page-1/#comment-6593</link>
		<dc:creator>Uh...wait a moment</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 12 Nov 2009 18:40:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://histalk2.com/2009/11/11/histalk-interviews-paul-meyer/#comment-6593</guid>
		<description>&quot;We have huge problems here. The United States has the second-worst infant mortality rate in all of the developed world. It’s staggering.&quot;

The situation is far more complex than this, and I fervently wish people, especially non clinicians, would do some fact checking before issuing statements like this.

See AAPS &quot;Myth 4: Infant mortality is lower in other countries because they have “universal” tax-funded medical care, and the U.S. does not&quot; at http://www.aapsonline.org/newsoftheday/00307

and see the Wikipedia entry section &quot;Comparing infant mortality rates&quot; on the statistical problems in these mortality figures:  

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality

Statements about the US mortality rates are more ideology-driven than science driven.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;We have huge problems here. The United States has the second-worst infant mortality rate in all of the developed world. It’s staggering.&#8221;</p>
<p>The situation is far more complex than this, and I fervently wish people, especially non clinicians, would do some fact checking before issuing statements like this.</p>
<p>See AAPS &#8220;Myth 4: Infant mortality is lower in other countries because they have “universal” tax-funded medical care, and the U.S. does not&#8221; at <a href="http://www.aapsonline.org/newsoftheday/00307" rel="nofollow">http://www.aapsonline.org/newsoftheday/00307</a></p>
<p>and see the Wikipedia entry section &#8220;Comparing infant mortality rates&#8221; on the statistical problems in these mortality figures:  </p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality" rel="nofollow">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality</a></p>
<p>Statements about the US mortality rates are more ideology-driven than science driven.</p>
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		<title>By: Lies damn lies and statistics</title>
		<link>http://histalk2.com/2009/11/11/histalk-interviews-paul-meyer/comment-page-1/#comment-6592</link>
		<dc:creator>Lies damn lies and statistics</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 12 Nov 2009 17:38:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://histalk2.com/2009/11/11/histalk-interviews-paul-meyer/#comment-6592</guid>
		<description>Wkikpedia cont:
Another well-documented example also illustrates this problem. Historically, until the 1990s Russia and the Soviet Union did not count as a live birth or as an infant death extremely premature infants (less than 1,000 g, less than 28 weeks gestational age, or less than 35 cm in length) that were born alive (breathed, had a heartbeat, or exhibited voluntary muscle movement) but failed to survive for at least seven days.[11] Although such extremely premature infants typically accounted for only about 0.005 of all live-born children, their exclusion from both the numerator and the denominator in the reported IMR led to an estimated 22%-25% lower reported IMR.[12] In some cases, too, perhaps because hospitals or regional health departments were held accountable for lowering the IMR in their catchment area, infant deaths that occurred in the 12th month were &quot;transferred&quot; statistically to the 13th month (i.e., the second year of life), and thus no longer classified as an infant death.[13]

UNICEF uses a statistical methodology to account for reporting differences among countries. &quot;UNICEF compiles infant mortality country estimates derived from all sources and methods of estimation obtained either from standard reports, direct estimation from micro data sets, or from UNICEF’s yearly exercise. In order to sort out differences between estimates produced from different sources, with different methods, UNICEF developed, in coordination with WHO, the WB and UNSD, an estimation methodology that minimizes the errors embodied in each estimate and harmonize trends along time. Since the estimates are not necessarily the exact values used as input for the model, they are often not recognized as the official IMR estimates used at the country level. However, as mentioned before, these estimates minimize errors and maximize the consistency of trends along time.&quot;[14]

Another challenge to comparability is the practice of counting frail or premature infants who die before the normal due date as miscarriages (spontaneous abortions) or those who die during or immediately after childbirth as stillborn. Therefore, the quality of a country&#039;s documentation of perinatal mortality can matter greatly to the accuracy of its infant mortality statistics. This point is reinforced by the demographer Ansley Coale, who finds dubiously high ratios of reported stillbirths to infant deaths in Hong Kong and Japan in the first 24 hours after birth, a pattern that is consistent with the high recorded sex ratios at birth in those countries and suggests not only that many female infants who die in the first 24 hours are misreported as stillbirths rather than infant deaths but also that those countries do not follow WHO recommendations for the reporting of live births and infant deaths.[15]

Another seemingly paradoxical finding is that when countries with poor medical services introduce new medical centers and services, instead of declining the reported IMRs often increase for a time. The main cause of this is that improvement in access to medical care is often accompanied by improvement in the registration of births and deaths. Deaths that might have occurred in a remote or rural area and not been reported to the government might now be reported by the new medical personnel or facilities. Thus, even if the new health services reduce the actual IMR, the reported IMR may increase.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Wkikpedia cont:<br />
Another well-documented example also illustrates this problem. Historically, until the 1990s Russia and the Soviet Union did not count as a live birth or as an infant death extremely premature infants (less than 1,000 g, less than 28 weeks gestational age, or less than 35 cm in length) that were born alive (breathed, had a heartbeat, or exhibited voluntary muscle movement) but failed to survive for at least seven days.[11] Although such extremely premature infants typically accounted for only about 0.005 of all live-born children, their exclusion from both the numerator and the denominator in the reported IMR led to an estimated 22%-25% lower reported IMR.[12] In some cases, too, perhaps because hospitals or regional health departments were held accountable for lowering the IMR in their catchment area, infant deaths that occurred in the 12th month were &#8220;transferred&#8221; statistically to the 13th month (i.e., the second year of life), and thus no longer classified as an infant death.[13]</p>
<p>UNICEF uses a statistical methodology to account for reporting differences among countries. &#8220;UNICEF compiles infant mortality country estimates derived from all sources and methods of estimation obtained either from standard reports, direct estimation from micro data sets, or from UNICEF’s yearly exercise. In order to sort out differences between estimates produced from different sources, with different methods, UNICEF developed, in coordination with WHO, the WB and UNSD, an estimation methodology that minimizes the errors embodied in each estimate and harmonize trends along time. Since the estimates are not necessarily the exact values used as input for the model, they are often not recognized as the official IMR estimates used at the country level. However, as mentioned before, these estimates minimize errors and maximize the consistency of trends along time.&#8221;[14]</p>
<p>Another challenge to comparability is the practice of counting frail or premature infants who die before the normal due date as miscarriages (spontaneous abortions) or those who die during or immediately after childbirth as stillborn. Therefore, the quality of a country&#8217;s documentation of perinatal mortality can matter greatly to the accuracy of its infant mortality statistics. This point is reinforced by the demographer Ansley Coale, who finds dubiously high ratios of reported stillbirths to infant deaths in Hong Kong and Japan in the first 24 hours after birth, a pattern that is consistent with the high recorded sex ratios at birth in those countries and suggests not only that many female infants who die in the first 24 hours are misreported as stillbirths rather than infant deaths but also that those countries do not follow WHO recommendations for the reporting of live births and infant deaths.[15]</p>
<p>Another seemingly paradoxical finding is that when countries with poor medical services introduce new medical centers and services, instead of declining the reported IMRs often increase for a time. The main cause of this is that improvement in access to medical care is often accompanied by improvement in the registration of births and deaths. Deaths that might have occurred in a remote or rural area and not been reported to the government might now be reported by the new medical personnel or facilities. Thus, even if the new health services reduce the actual IMR, the reported IMR may increase.</p>
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		<title>By: Lies damn lies and statistics</title>
		<link>http://histalk2.com/2009/11/11/histalk-interviews-paul-meyer/comment-page-1/#comment-6591</link>
		<dc:creator>Lies damn lies and statistics</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 12 Nov 2009 17:33:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://histalk2.com/2009/11/11/histalk-interviews-paul-meyer/#comment-6591</guid>
		<description>And from Wikipedia:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality

The infant mortality rate correlates very strongly with and is among the best predictors of state failure.[4] IMR is also a useful indicator of a country&#039;s level of health or development, and is a component of the physical quality of life index. But the method of calculating IMR often varies widely between countries based on the way they define a live birth and how many premature infants are born in the country. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines a live birth as any born human being who demonstrates independent signs of life, including breathing, voluntary muscle movement, or heartbeat. Many countries, however, including certain European states and Japan, only count as live births cases where an infant breathes at birth, which makes their reported IMR numbers somewhat lower and raises their rates of perinatal mortality.[5]

The exclusion of any high-risk infants from the denominator or numerator in reported IMRs can be problematic for comparisons. Many countries, including the United States, Sweden or Germany, count an infant exhibiting any sign of life as alive, no matter the month of gestation or the size, but according to United States Centers for Disease Control researchers,[6] some other countries differ in these practices. All of the countries named adopted the WHO definitions in the late 1980s or early 1990s,[7] which are used throughout the European Union.[8] However, in 2009, the US CDC issued a report which stated that the American rates of infant mortality were affected by the United States&#039; high rates of premature babies compared to European countries and which outlines the differences in reporting requirements between the United States and Europe, noting that France, the Czech Republic, Ireland, the Netherlands, and Poland do not report all live births of babies under 500 g and/or 22 weeks of gestation.[6][9][10] However, the report also concludes that the differences in reporting are unlikely to be the primary explanation for the United States’ relatively low international ranking.[10]

See the references 4-10 there.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>And from Wikipedia:</p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality" rel="nofollow">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality</a></p>
<p>The infant mortality rate correlates very strongly with and is among the best predictors of state failure.[4] IMR is also a useful indicator of a country&#8217;s level of health or development, and is a component of the physical quality of life index. But the method of calculating IMR often varies widely between countries based on the way they define a live birth and how many premature infants are born in the country. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines a live birth as any born human being who demonstrates independent signs of life, including breathing, voluntary muscle movement, or heartbeat. Many countries, however, including certain European states and Japan, only count as live births cases where an infant breathes at birth, which makes their reported IMR numbers somewhat lower and raises their rates of perinatal mortality.[5]</p>
<p>The exclusion of any high-risk infants from the denominator or numerator in reported IMRs can be problematic for comparisons. Many countries, including the United States, Sweden or Germany, count an infant exhibiting any sign of life as alive, no matter the month of gestation or the size, but according to United States Centers for Disease Control researchers,[6] some other countries differ in these practices. All of the countries named adopted the WHO definitions in the late 1980s or early 1990s,[7] which are used throughout the European Union.[8] However, in 2009, the US CDC issued a report which stated that the American rates of infant mortality were affected by the United States&#8217; high rates of premature babies compared to European countries and which outlines the differences in reporting requirements between the United States and Europe, noting that France, the Czech Republic, Ireland, the Netherlands, and Poland do not report all live births of babies under 500 g and/or 22 weeks of gestation.[6][9][10] However, the report also concludes that the differences in reporting are unlikely to be the primary explanation for the United States’ relatively low international ranking.[10]</p>
<p>See the references 4-10 there.</p>
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		<title>By: Lies damn lies and statistics</title>
		<link>http://histalk2.com/2009/11/11/histalk-interviews-paul-meyer/comment-page-1/#comment-6589</link>
		<dc:creator>Lies damn lies and statistics</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 12 Nov 2009 17:30:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://histalk2.com/2009/11/11/histalk-interviews-paul-meyer/#comment-6589</guid>
		<description>&quot;We have huge problems here. The United States has the second-worst infant mortality rate in all of the developed world. It’s staggering.&quot;

Ignorance in staggering, too.

From the American Association of Physicians and Surgeons, http://www.aapsonline.org/newsoftheday/00307 

Myth 4: Infant mortality is lower in other countries because they have “universal” tax-funded medical care, and the U.S. does not.
July 3rd, 2009

A number of countries report lower infant mortality than the U.S., but it has nothing to do with the source of payment for medical care.

In Japan, which has the best statistics (3.3 die per 1,000 live births), the national system does not cover normal childbirth—or prenatal, postnatal, and postpartum care (Your Health Matters by Gregory Dattilo and David Racer, Alethos Press, 2006).

In the U.S., mortality is only 3.0 per 1,000 for full-term babies weighing at least 5.5 lbs (ibid.). Premature, low-birth-weight babies, who have a much higher risk of early death, have a better chance of survival in the U.S. than anywhere else, because of the excellent medical care they receive here.

The incidence of prematurity and low birth weight is relatively high in the U.S.; one reason is ethnic composition. Black American mothers give birth before 37 weeks twice as often as whites, and 3.8 times as often before 28 weeks (Future of Children, Spring 1995).

Predictors of premature birth include socioeconomic factors such as age under 20, single marital status, being on welfare, and not having graduated high school (Lieberman E, et al. N Engl J Med 1987;317:743-748) ; chronic health problems such as diabetes, hypertension, or clotting disorders; certain infections during pregnancy; use of cigarettes, alcohol, or illicit drugs (CDC); and prior abortions (Rooney B, Calhoun BC, J Am Phys Surg 2003;8:46-49). Increasing Medicaid coverage for pregnant women had no effect on birth outcomes (Ray WA, et al. JAMA 1998;279:314-316).

Many nations do not count very small babies as live births. Hence, they don’t count as deaths either. In France and Belgium, for example, babies born before 26 weeks are automatically considered stillborn, states Bernardine Healy.

In the U.S., all our babies count, even if they make our statistics look worse. The tiny ones we now save could be the first casualties of “reform.”

“[A question] that assumes even greater significance as we contemplate the finances of health care reform [is] how much capital are we willing to invest to save the lives of the most extremely preterm infants?” (Future of Children, op. cit.)

Additional information:

    * “Our ‘Broken Health Care System’? No, Something Else,” by Tamzin A. Rosenwasser, M.D., J Am Phys Surg, winter 2007.
    * The Tyranny of Numbers: Mismeasurement and Misrule, by Nicholas Eberstadt, AEI press, 1995.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;We have huge problems here. The United States has the second-worst infant mortality rate in all of the developed world. It’s staggering.&#8221;</p>
<p>Ignorance in staggering, too.</p>
<p>From the American Association of Physicians and Surgeons, <a href="http://www.aapsonline.org/newsoftheday/00307" rel="nofollow">http://www.aapsonline.org/newsoftheday/00307</a> </p>
<p>Myth 4: Infant mortality is lower in other countries because they have “universal” tax-funded medical care, and the U.S. does not.<br />
July 3rd, 2009</p>
<p>A number of countries report lower infant mortality than the U.S., but it has nothing to do with the source of payment for medical care.</p>
<p>In Japan, which has the best statistics (3.3 die per 1,000 live births), the national system does not cover normal childbirth—or prenatal, postnatal, and postpartum care (Your Health Matters by Gregory Dattilo and David Racer, Alethos Press, 2006).</p>
<p>In the U.S., mortality is only 3.0 per 1,000 for full-term babies weighing at least 5.5 lbs (ibid.). Premature, low-birth-weight babies, who have a much higher risk of early death, have a better chance of survival in the U.S. than anywhere else, because of the excellent medical care they receive here.</p>
<p>The incidence of prematurity and low birth weight is relatively high in the U.S.; one reason is ethnic composition. Black American mothers give birth before 37 weeks twice as often as whites, and 3.8 times as often before 28 weeks (Future of Children, Spring 1995).</p>
<p>Predictors of premature birth include socioeconomic factors such as age under 20, single marital status, being on welfare, and not having graduated high school (Lieberman E, et al. N Engl J Med 1987;317:743-748) ; chronic health problems such as diabetes, hypertension, or clotting disorders; certain infections during pregnancy; use of cigarettes, alcohol, or illicit drugs (CDC); and prior abortions (Rooney B, Calhoun BC, J Am Phys Surg 2003;8:46-49). Increasing Medicaid coverage for pregnant women had no effect on birth outcomes (Ray WA, et al. JAMA 1998;279:314-316).</p>
<p>Many nations do not count very small babies as live births. Hence, they don’t count as deaths either. In France and Belgium, for example, babies born before 26 weeks are automatically considered stillborn, states Bernardine Healy.</p>
<p>In the U.S., all our babies count, even if they make our statistics look worse. The tiny ones we now save could be the first casualties of “reform.”</p>
<p>“[A question] that assumes even greater significance as we contemplate the finances of health care reform [is] how much capital are we willing to invest to save the lives of the most extremely preterm infants?” (Future of Children, op. cit.)</p>
<p>Additional information:</p>
<p>    * “Our ‘Broken Health Care System’? No, Something Else,” by Tamzin A. Rosenwasser, M.D., J Am Phys Surg, winter 2007.<br />
    * The Tyranny of Numbers: Mismeasurement and Misrule, by Nicholas Eberstadt, AEI press, 1995.</p>
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		<title>By: blah</title>
		<link>http://histalk2.com/2009/11/11/histalk-interviews-paul-meyer/comment-page-1/#comment-6584</link>
		<dc:creator>blah</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 12 Nov 2009 12:45:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://histalk2.com/2009/11/11/histalk-interviews-paul-meyer/#comment-6584</guid>
		<description>SMS is a pretty simple tool, but it just goes to show it’s not the tool but how you use it. That’s one of the better ideas they have over at the NHS, with NHS Mail allowing free and secure sending of text messages and there have been great successes reducing DNA&#039;s by simply texting a reminder.

Why not take that further and send medication reminders or take it a step further and have a system where you have a remind and response system. Bext thing is it&#039;s cheap and easy to implement.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>SMS is a pretty simple tool, but it just goes to show it’s not the tool but how you use it. That’s one of the better ideas they have over at the NHS, with NHS Mail allowing free and secure sending of text messages and there have been great successes reducing DNA&#8217;s by simply texting a reminder.</p>
<p>Why not take that further and send medication reminders or take it a step further and have a system where you have a remind and response system. Bext thing is it&#8217;s cheap and easy to implement.</p>
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